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How do cells obtain energy for their functioning?

Cells obtain energy for their metabolic reactions from the breaking of organic molecules with high energetic content. This energy is mostly stored as ATP molecules.

The process of energy obtention to produce ATP molecules is named cellular respiration.

What is the compound that is phosphorylated for ATP formation? What is the resulting compound when ATP liberates energy?

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is formed after the binding of one phosphate (phosphorylation) to one ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule. This is a process that stores energy into the produced ATP molecule.

When ATP gives energy to the cellular metabolism it loses one of its phosphates and ADP reappears.

ADP can also lose more phosphates and generate AMP (adenosine monophosphate) or even non phosphorylated adenosine. Adenosine production from ATP is a solution used in tissues that need urgent oxygen supply, for example, in heart during myocardial infarction, since adenosine has local vasodilator effect thus providing faster vasodilation than other physiological methods.

What are the types of cellular respiration?

There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic cellular respiration, a reaction with participation of molecular oxygen (O2), and anaerobic cellular respiration, without participation of molecular oxygen but with other inorganic molecules as oxidant. There are several varieties of anaerobic cellular respiration, the main one is fermentation.